The main purpose of this legislation, known as the Equal Representation Act of 2025, is to change how the U.S. Census is conducted and how congressional representation is determined. Specifically, it aims to require a citizenship question on the census and to ensure that the apportionment of Representatives in Congress is based solely on the number of U.S. citizens, rather than the total population, which includes noncitizens. Key provisions of the Act include the requirement for the Secretary of Commerce to include a question on citizenship in the 2030 Census and future censuses.